Introduktionen af triptaner i migrænebehandlingen var tilsyneladende en revolution. Sammenlignende kontrollerede undersøgelser med triptaner og anden medicin tegner dog ikke så klart et billede. Orale triptaner er mere effektive end oralt ergotamin. Dette må skyldes ergotamins ekstremt lave orale biotilgængelighed (< 1%). Sammenlignet med nonsteroide antiinflammatoriske stoffer, i de fleste tilfælde acetylsalicylsyre, er triptanerne ligeværdige og resulterer i flere bivirkninger end acetylsalicylsyre og metoklopramid. Det foreslås på basis af den foreliggende evidens at opløselig acetylsalicylsyre bør være førstevalgsmedicinen ved migræneanfald. Acetylsalicylsyre er også meget billigere end triptaner.
Introduktionen af triptanerne (5-HT 1B/1D -receptoragonister) med sumatriptan som den første [1-3] i begyndelsen af 1990'erne var tilsyneladende en revolution i migrænebehandlingen. Triptanerne var de første mediciner, der var designet og udviklet til behandlingen af migræneanfald [1]. De blev udviklet som selektive, kranielle vasokonstriktorer [1]; men det er også blevet foreslået, at triptanerne virker på det smertemodulerende system, der er relateret til den trigeminovaskulære smerte [4].
Alle triptanerne - sumatriptan, naratriptan, zolmitriptan, rizatriptan, eletriptan, almotriptan og frovatriptan - blev i ekstensive udviklingsprogrammer vist at være bedre end placebo [2, 3, 5, 6]. Den relative effekt triptanerne imellem er undersøgt i sammenlignende randomiserede kliniske undersøgelser [3, 6] og i metaanalysesr [2, 3, 5-7].
Triptanerne anses ofte som førstevalgspræparater i migrænebehandlingen [7-10], men hvad er evidensen for dette? I en tidligere oversigt fra 2004 over orale triptaner [8] fandtes kun små forskelle i forhold til anden ikketriptanmedicin bortset fra ergotamin, der var mindre effektivt end sumatriptan og eletriptan [8]. Offentliggørelsen af flere publikationer siden da foranlediger denne kommentar. I det følgende vil jeg først omtale sammenligningen af triptanerne med de traditionelle migrænespecifikke ergotalkaloider, ergotamin og dihydroergotamin (DHE). Derefter vil sammenligningen af triptaner og nonsteroide antiinflammatoriske stoffer (NSAID'er) blive omtalt.
Den primære effektparameter i disse randomiserede kliniske undersøgelser er hovedpinerespons: et fald fra moderat eller svær til ingen eller mild hovedpine, det såkaldte »Glaxokriterium« for succes [11].
Sammenligningen af triptaner og ergotalkaloider
Der er for oralt ergotamin nogen evidens for effekt i placebokontrollerede kliniske undersøgelser [12]. Oralt ergotamin var mindre effektivt end oralt sumatriptan, rizatriptan, eletriptan og almotriptan (Tabel 1 ) [3, 13-16]. Ergotamin har en ekstrem lav (< 1%) oral biologisk tilgængelighed, og derfor er denne administrationsform ikke optimal [12, 17-19]. I modsætning hertil er den rektale biologiske tilgængelighed 1-3% [20]. Rektalt ergotamin plus koffein (73% hovedpinerespons) var mere effektivt end rektalt sumatriptan (63% hovedpinerespons) i en randomiseret klnisk undersøgelse [20]. Rektalt ergotamin resulterede i flere bivirkninger (27%) end rektalt sumatriptan (9%) [20].
Et mg subkutant DHE (86% hovedpinerespons) var sammenlignelig med 6 mg subkutant sumatriptan (83% hovedpinerespons) efter fire timer. Sumatriptan havde dog en hurtigere indsættende effekt med et hovedpinerespons på 73% for DHE og 85% for sumatriptan efter to timer [3].
Sammenligningen af triptaner og nonsteroide antiinflammatoriske stoffer
I en randomiseret klinisk undersøgelse var 6 mg subkutant sumatriptan (91% hovedpinerespons) bedre end 1.000 mg intravenøst acetylsalicylsyre (74%) [21]. Dette tyder på, at triptaner per se kunne være bedre end NSAID'er. Effekten af orale triptaner er dog mindre end for den parenterale form [2, 3], og dette skyldes sandsynligvis den langsommere absorption af perorale triptaner [22].
Den administrationsform, der foretrækkes af patienterne, er dog tabletter, og i det følgende vil resultaterne med orale triptaner blive omtalt. Der foreligger fire komparative randomiserede kliniske undersøgelser af oralt sumatriptan og oralt acetylsalicylsyre [23-26]. I to randomiserede kliniske undersøgelser var 1.000 mg acetylsalicylsyre plus ti mg metoklopramid sammenlignelig med 100 mg sumatriptan; hovedpineresponset var henholdsvis 56% versus 53% [24] og 45% versus 56% [23] (Tabel 2 ). I to placebokontrollerede randomiserede kliniske undersøgelser var 50 mg sumatriptan (49% og 56% hovedpinerespons) sammenlignelig med 1.000 mg acetylsalicylsyre (49% og 53% hovedpinerespons) [ 25, 26] (Tabel 2).
I en undersøgelse var 400 mg ibuprofen (60% hovedpinerespons) sammenlignelig med 50 mg sumatriptan (56% hovedpinerespons) [25]. Ketoprofen 75 mg (63% hovedpinerespons) var sammenlignelig med 2,5 mg zolmitriptan (68% hovedpinerespons) i en randomiseret klinisk undersøgelse (Tabel 2) [27]. Zolmitriptan 2,5 mg (33% hovedpinerespons i tre anfald) var sammenlignelig med 900 mg acetylsalicylsyre plus 10 mg metoklopramid (33% hovedpinerespons i tre anfald) [28]. I en randomiseret klinisk undersøgelse var diclofenac sammenlignelig med 100 mg sumatriptan målt på en visuel analog skala (VAS) [29]. En kombination af 25 mg indometacin, 2 mg prochlorperazin og 75 mg koffein (57% hovedpinerespons) var helt sammenlignelig med 50 mg sumatriptan (57% hovedpinerespons) (Tabel 2) [30]. I en åben, men randomiseret overkrydsningsundersøgelse var en rektal kombination af 25 mg indometacin, 4 mg prochlorperazin 4 mg og 75 mg koffein (71%) sammenlignelig med 25 mg rektal sumatriptan (65%) med hensyn til hovedpinerespons; mens kombinationen var bedre end sumatriptan for hovedpinefrihed, henholdsvis 49% og 34% (p < 0,01) [31]. Tolfenamsyre (77% hovedpinerespons) var tilsyneladende sammenlignelig med 100 mg sumatriptan (79% hovedpinerespons); men pga. det begrænsede antal patienter (mindre end 45) i behandlingsgrupperne var 95%-konfidensintervallerne -22% til +18% [32]. Kun i en randomiseret klinisk undersøgelse var 100 mg sumatriptan (75% hovedpinerespons) mere effektiv end NSAID'en 200 mg tolfenamsyre (58% hovedpinerespons) (p < 0,01) [33] (Figur 1).
Konklusion
De orale triptaner er mere effektive end oralt ergotamin, som har en ekstrem lav oral biotilgængelighed. [17-19]. Rektalt og ved injektion synes ergotalkaloiderne ergotamin og DHE at være ækvipotente med triptanerne, som man skulle forvente, da begge s lags mediciner påvirker den samme 5-HT 1B/1D -receptor [20]. Ergotamin er mindre anvendelig som migrænespecifik medicin, da det også virker på dopamin og noradrenalinreceptorerne [20], og givet i ækvipotente doser resulterer ergotamin i flere bivirkninger end sumatriptan [20].
Subkutane triptaner, der administreres optimalt som injektion, er sandsynligvis mere effektivt end NSAID'er, jf. ovenfor. Sammenligningen af orale triptaner og orale NSAID'er viser dog (Tabel 2), at disse nye migænespecifikke mediciner ikke er bedre end NSAID'er i randomiserede kliniske undersøgelser. Acetylsalicylsyre, i nogle tilfælde kombineret med den prokinetiske medicin metoklopramid [34], var i fem randomiserede kliniske undersøgelser sammenlignelig med en triptan (Tabel 2). I tre randomiserede kliniske undersøgelser resulterede acetylsalicylsyre plus metoklopramid i færre bivirkninger end 100 mg sumatriptan [23, 24] og 2,5 mg zolmitriptan [28], mens opløselig acetylsalicylsyre resulterede i samme hyppighed af bivirkninger som 50 mg sumatriptan [25, 26].
Retningslinjer for terapi bør være evidensbaserede. Som foreslået af en østrigsk-tysk gruppe af klinikere [35] bør acetylsalicylsyre være førstevalgspræparatet ved behandlingen af migræneanfald. Endvidere er acetylsalicylsyre meget billigere end triptaner. Jeg vil foreslå, at acetylsalicylsyre kan bruges som første trin i en successiv behandling både fra anfald til anfald og i forbindelse med det enkelte migræneanfald.
Peer Tfelt-Hansen, Dansk Hovedpinecenter, Neurologisk Afdeling, Glostrup Hospital. E-mail: ptha@glo.regionh.dk
Antaget: 3. juni 2008
Interessekonflikter: Ingen
This article is based on a study first reported in Headache 2008;48:601-5.
Artiklen bygger på et større antal referencer. En fuldstændig litteraturliste kan findes sammen med artiklen på www.ugeskriftet.dk.
- Humphrey PP. The discovery of a new drug class for the acute treatment of migraine. Headache 2007;47:S10-S19.
- Tfelt-Hansen P, De Vries P, Saxena PR. Triptans in migraine. A comparative review of pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and efficacy. Drugs 2000;60:1259-87.
- Saxena PR, Tfelt-Hansen P. Triptans, 5HT1B/1D agonists in the acute treatment of migraine. I: Olesen J, Goadsby PJ, Ramadan NM et al, eds. The Headaches. 3rd Ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2006, 469-503.
- Goadsby PJ. Recent advances in understanding migraine mechanisms, molecules and therapeutics. Trends Mol Med 2007;13: 39-44.
- Ferrari MD, Roon KI, Lipton RB et al. Oral triptans (serotonin 5-HT1B/!D agonists) in acute migraine: a meta-analysis of 53 trials. Lancet 2001;358:1668-75.
- Ferrari MD, Goadsby PJ, Roon KI et al. Triptans (serotonin, 5-HT1B/1D agonists) in migraine: detailed results and methods of a meta-analysis of 53 trials. Cephalalgia 2002;22:633-58.
- Helfand M, Peterson K. Drug class review on triptans: final report update 3. Portland: Oregon Health & Science University, 2005. http://www.ohsu.edu/drugeffectiveness/reports/documents/Triptans%20Fina… (1. december 2007).
- Lipton RB, Bigal ME, Goadsby PJ. Double-blind clinical trials of oral triptans vs other classes of acute migraine medications- a review. Cephalalgia 2004;24:321-32.
- Lipton RB, Bigal ME, Lieberman JN et al. Migraine practice among neurologists. Neurology 2004;62:1226-31.
- Membe S, McGahan L, Cimon K et al. Triptans for acute migraine: comparative clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness. Ottawa: Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health, 2007. www.cadth.ca (1. december 2007).
- International Headache Society Clinical Trial Subcommittee. Guidelines for controlled trials of drugs in migraine. Second edition. Cephalalgia 2000;20:765-86.
- Tfelt-Hansen P, Saxena PR, Dahlof C et al. Ergotamine in the acute treatment of migraine - European Consensus. Brain 2000;123:9-18.
- The Multinational Oral Sumatriptan and Cafergot Comparative Study Group. A randomized, double blind comparison of sumatriptan in the acute treatment of migraine. Eur Neurol 1991;31:314-22.
- Christie S, Gobel H, Mateos V et al. Rizatriptan-Ergotamine/Caffeine Preference Study Group. Crossover comparison of efficacy and preference for rizatriptan 10 mg versus ergotamine/caffeine in migraine 2003;49:20-9.
- Diener HC, Jansen JP, Reches A et al. Efficacy, tolerability and safety of oral eletriptan and ergotamine plus caffeine (Cafergot) in the acute treatment of migraine: a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison. Eur Neurol 2002;47:99-107.
- Lainez MJ, Galvan J, Heras J et al. Crossover, double-blind clinical trial comparing almotriptan and ergotamine plus caffeine for acute migraine therapy. Eur J Neurol 2007;14:269-75.
- Ibraheem JJ, Paalzow L, Tfelt Hansen P. Kinetics of ergotamine after intravenous and intramuscular administration to migraine sufferers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1982;23:235 40.
- Ibraheem JJ, Paalzow L, Tfelt Hansen P. Low bioavailability of ergotamine tartrate after oral and rectal administration in migraine patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1983;16:695 9.
- Sanders SW, Haering N, Mosberg H et al. Pharmacokinetics of ergotamine in healthy volunteers following oral and rectal dosing. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1986;30:331-4.
- Tfelt-Hansen P, Saxena PR. Ergot alkaloids in the acute treatment of migraine. I: Olesen J, Goadsby PJ, Ramadan NM et al, eds. The Headaches. 3rd Ed.Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2006, 459-67.
- Diener HC. Efficacy and safety of intravenous acetylsalicylic acid lysinate compared to subcutaneous sumatriptan and parenteral placebo in the acute treatment of migraine. A double-blind, double-dummy, randomized, multicenter parallel group study. Cephalalgia 1999;19:581-8.
- Tfelt-Hansen P. Parenteral versus oral sumatriptan and naratriptan: plasma levels and efficacy in migraine. A comment. J Headache Pain 2007;8:273-6.
- The Oral Sumatriptan and Aspirin plus Metoclopramide Comparative Study Group. A study to compare oral sumatriptan with oral aspirin plus oral metoclopramide in the acute treatment of migraine. Eur Neurol 1992;32:177-84.
- Tfelt-Hansen P, Henry P, Mulder K et al. The effectiveness of combined oral lysine acetylsalicylate and metoclopramide compared with oral sumatriptan for migraine. Lancet 1995;346:923-6.
- Diener HC, Bussone G, de Liano H et al. Placebo-controlled comparison of effervescent acetylsalicylic acid, sumatriptan and ibuprofen in the treatment of migraine attacks Cephalalgia 2004;24:947-54.
- Diener HC, Eikerman A, Gessner U et al. Efficacy of 1,000 mg effervescent acetylsalicylic acid and sumatriptan in treating associated migraine symptoms. Eur Neurol 2004;52:50-6.
- Dib M, Massiou H, Weber M et al. Efficacy of oral ketoprofen in acute migraine: a double-blind randomized trial. Neurology 2002;58:1660-5.
- Geraud G, Compagnon A, Rossi A. Zolmitriptan versus a combination of acetylsalicylic acid and metoclopramide in the acute oral treatment of migraine: a double-blind, randomised, three-attack study. Eur Neurol 2002;47:88-98.
- Diclofenac-K/Sumatriptan Study Group. Acute treatment of migraine attacks: efficacy and safety of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, diclofenac-potassium, in comparison to oral sumatriptan and placebo. Cephalalgia 1999;19:232-40.
- Sandrini G, Cerbo R, Del Bene E et al. Efficacy of dosing and re-dosing of two oral combinations of indomethacin, prochlorperazine and caffeine compared with oral sumatriptan in the acute treatment of multiple migraine attacks: a double-blind, double-dummy, randomised, parallel, multicentre study. Int J Clin Pract 2007;61:1256-69.
- Di Monda V, Nicolodi M, Aloisio A et al. Efficacy of a fixed combination of indomethacin, prochlorperazine, and caffeine versus sumatriptan in acute treatment of multiple migraine attacks: a multicenter, randomized, crossover trial. Headache 2003;43:835-44.
- Myllylä VV, Havanka H, Herrala L et al. Tolfenamic acid rapid release versus sumatriptan in the acute treatment of migraine: comparable effect in a double-blind, randomized, controlled, parallel-group study. Headache 1998;38:201-7.
- Tfelt-Hansen P. Triptans vs. other classes of migraine medication. Cephalalgia 2006;26:628.
- Tfelt-Hansen P, Young WB, Silberstein SD. Antiemetics, prokinetics, neuroleptic and miscellaneous drugs in the acute treatment of migraine. I: Olesen J, Goadsby PJ,Ramadan NM, et al, eds. The Headaches. 3rd Eds. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2006, 505-13.
- Lampl C, Voelker M, Diener HC. Efficacy and safety of 1,000 mg effervescent aspirin: individual patient data meta-analysis of three trials in migraine headache and migraine accompanying symptoms. J Neurol 2007;254:705-12.
Referencer
- Humphrey PP. The discovery of a new drug class for the acute treatment of migraine. Headache 2007;47:S10-S19.
- Tfelt-Hansen P, De Vries P, Saxena PR. Triptans in migraine. A comparative review of pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and efficacy. Drugs 2000;60:1259-87.
- Saxena PR, Tfelt-Hansen P. Triptans, 5HT1B/1D agonists in the acute treatment of migraine. I: Olesen J, Goadsby PJ, Ramadan NM et al, eds. The Headaches. 3rd Ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2006, 469-503.
- Goadsby PJ. Recent advances in understanding migraine mechanisms, molecules and therapeutics. Trends Mol Med 2007;13: 39-44.
- Ferrari MD, Roon KI, Lipton RB et al. Oral triptans (serotonin 5-HT1B/!D agonists) in acute migraine: a meta-analysis of 53 trials. Lancet 2001;358:1668-75.
- Ferrari MD, Goadsby PJ, Roon KI et al. Triptans (serotonin, 5-HT1B/1D agonists) in migraine: detailed results and methods of a meta-analysis of 53 trials. Cephalalgia 2002;22:633-58.
- Helfand M, Peterson K. Drug class review on triptans: final report update 3. Portland: Oregon Health & Science University, 2005. http://www.ohsu.edu/drugeffectiveness/reports/documents/Triptans%20Final%20Report%20Update%2034.pdf (1. december 2007).
- Lipton RB, Bigal ME, Goadsby PJ. Double-blind clinical trials of oral triptans vs other classes of acute migraine medications- a review. Cephalalgia 2004;24:321-32.
- Lipton RB, Bigal ME, Lieberman JN et al. Migraine practice among neurologists. Neurology 2004;62:1226-31.
- Membe S, McGahan L, Cimon K et al. Triptans for acute migraine: comparative clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness. Ottawa: Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health, 2007. www.cadth.ca (1. december 2007).
- International Headache Society Clinical Trial Subcommittee. Guidelines for controlled trials of drugs in migraine. Second edition. Cephalalgia 2000;20:765-86.
- Tfelt-Hansen P, Saxena PR, Dahlof C et al. Ergotamine in the acute treatment of migraine - European Consensus. Brain 2000;123:9-18.
- The Multinational Oral Sumatriptan and Cafergot Comparative Study Group. A randomized, double blind comparison of sumatriptan in the acute treatment of migraine. Eur Neurol 1991;31:314-22.
- Christie S, Gobel H, Mateos V et al. Rizatriptan-Ergotamine/Caffeine Preference Study Group. Crossover comparison of efficacy and preference for rizatriptan 10 mg versus ergotamine/caffeine in migraine 2003;49:20-9.
- Diener HC, Jansen JP, Reches A et al. Efficacy, tolerability and safety of oral eletriptan and ergotamine plus caffeine (Cafergot) in the acute treatment of migraine: a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison. Eur Neurol 2002;47:99-107.
- Lainez MJ, Galvan J, Heras J et al. Crossover, double-blind clinical trial comparing almotriptan and ergotamine plus caffeine for acute migraine therapy. Eur J Neurol 2007;14:269-75.
- Ibraheem JJ, Paalzow L, Tfelt Hansen P. Kinetics of ergotamine after intravenous and intramuscular administration to migraine sufferers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1982;23:235 40.
- Ibraheem JJ, Paalzow L, Tfelt Hansen P. Low bioavailability of ergotamine tartrate after oral and rectal administration in migraine patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1983;16:695 9.
- Sanders SW, Haering N, Mosberg H et al. Pharmacokinetics of ergotamine in healthy volunteers following oral and rectal dosing. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1986;30:331-4.
- Tfelt-Hansen P, Saxena PR. Ergot alkaloids in the acute treatment of migraine. I: Olesen J, Goadsby PJ, Ramadan NM et al, eds. The Headaches. 3rd Ed.Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2006, 459-67.
- Diener HC. Efficacy and safety of intravenous acetylsalicylic acid lysinate compared to subcutaneous sumatriptan and parenteral placebo in the acute treatment of migraine. A double-blind, double-dummy, randomized, multicenter parallel group study. Cephalalgia 1999;19:581-8.
- Tfelt-Hansen P. Parenteral versus oral sumatriptan and naratriptan: plasma levels and efficacy in migraine. A comment. J Headache Pain 2007;8:273-6.
- The Oral Sumatriptan and Aspirin plus Metoclopramide Comparative Study Group. A study to compare oral sumatriptan with oral aspirin plus oral metoclopramide in the acute treatment of migraine. Eur Neurol 1992;32:177-84.
- Tfelt-Hansen P, Henry P, Mulder K et al. The effectiveness of combined oral lysine acetylsalicylate and metoclopramide compared with oral sumatriptan for migraine. Lancet 1995;346:923-6.
- Diener HC, Bussone G, de Liano H et al. Placebo-controlled comparison of effervescent acetylsalicylic acid, sumatriptan and ibuprofen in the treatment of migraine attacks Cephalalgia 2004;24:947-54.
- Diener HC, Eikerman A, Gessner U et al. Efficacy of 1,000 mg effervescent acetylsalicylic acid and sumatriptan in treating associated migraine symptoms. Eur Neurol 2004;52:50-6.
- Dib M, Massiou H, Weber M et al. Efficacy of oral ketoprofen in acute migraine: a double-blind randomized trial. Neurology 2002;58:1660-5.
- Geraud G, Compagnon A, Rossi A. Zolmitriptan versus a combination of acetylsalicylic acid and metoclopramide in the acute oral treatment of migraine: a double-blind, randomised, three-attack study. Eur Neurol 2002;47:88-98.
- Diclofenac-K/Sumatriptan Study Group. Acute treatment of migraine attacks: efficacy and safety of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, diclofenac-potassium, in comparison to oral sumatriptan and placebo. Cephalalgia 1999;19:232-40.
- Sandrini G, Cerbo R, Del Bene E et al. Efficacy of dosing and re-dosing of two oral combinations of indomethacin, prochlorperazine and caffeine compared with oral sumatriptan in the acute treatment of multiple migraine attacks: a double-blind, double-dummy, randomised, parallel, multicentre study. Int J Clin Pract 2007;61:1256-69.
- Di Monda V, Nicolodi M, Aloisio A et al. Efficacy of a fixed combination of indomethacin, prochlorperazine, and caffeine versus sumatriptan in acute treatment of multiple migraine attacks: a multicenter, randomized, crossover trial. Headache 2003;43:835-44.
- Myllylä VV, Havanka H, Herrala L et al. Tolfenamic acid rapid release versus sumatriptan in the acute treatment of migraine: comparable effect in a double-blind, randomized, controlled, parallel-group study. Headache 1998;38:201-7.
- Tfelt-Hansen P. Triptans vs. other classes of migraine medication. Cephalalgia 2006;26:628.
- Tfelt-Hansen P, Young WB, Silberstein SD. Antiemetics, prokinetics, neuroleptic and miscellaneous drugs in the acute treatment of migraine. I: Olesen J, Goadsby PJ,Ramadan NM, et al, eds. The Headaches. 3rd Eds. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2006, 505-13.
- Lampl C, Voelker M, Diener HC. Efficacy and safety of 1,000 mg effervescent aspirin: individual patient data meta-analysis of three trials in migraine headache and migraine accompanying symptoms. J Neurol 2007;254:705-12.