Fakta
Fakta
In the 1990’s, allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation with nonmyeloablative conditioning (NMC-HCT) was introduced as a treatment option for both haematological malignancies and some non-malignant disorders [1]. In the malignant diseases, the graft-versus-tumor (GVT) effect was exploited as the curative principle [2, 3]. Use of NMC-HCT accelerated in the late 1990’s and early 2000’s as more disease indications were established, especially for older patients and patients with co-morbidities [4]. NMC-HCT is now a well-established treatment modality [5, 6]. As less than 30% of the potential recipients of an allogeneic HCT have a human leukocyte antigen (HLA) identical sibling, the use of alternative stem cell sources, including matched unrelated donors (MUD), is essential [5]. The use of MUD as a stem cell source has increased, especially within the last decade [7, 8].
In this study, we report on the development in searches for MUD and the pattern of referrals, waiting time and outcome of NMC-HCT in Denmark from 2000-07. The results showed that Danish health care was slow in adapting to the demands for NMC-HCT. This led to prolonged waiting times and suboptimal treatment results.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Donor searches and referred patients
From February 2000 to December 2007, 219 MUD searches were performed for patients with haematological diseases in preparation for a potential NMC-HCT at Rigshospitalet. The searches were performed by the Departments of Clinical Immunology at Rigshospitalet and Aarhus University Hospital. MUD was primarily searched for in the German "Zentrales Knochenmarkspender-Register Deutschland" and in the American "National Marrow Donor Program" registries. In the same period, 244 patients were referred to NMC-HCT at the Allo-HCT Unit, Department of Hematology, Rigshospitalet. The group of patients referred to NMC-HCT included both potential NMC-HCT with matched, related donors (MRD) (n = 130) and MUD (n = 114). Data were retrospectively analyzed as of 1 May 2008.
The subcommittee for allogeneic HCT of The Danish Society of Hematology writes and updates disease-specific recommendations for referral of patients for NMC-HCT in Denmark. Patients referred for HCT were approved according to these recommendations at weekly patient care conferences at the Allo-HCT Unit, Rigshospitalet. Because of insufficient capacity for NMC-HCT resulting in long waiting times, all patients accepted for HCT were, as from May 2006, classified as 1) "Urgent" (to be transplanted within 4-6 weeks), 2) "As soon as possible" (to be transplanted within 2-3 months), or 3) "Can wait" (to be transplanted within 3-4 months). HCTs were scheduled accordingly. Categories 1 and 2 primarily included patients with higher-risk diseases such as acute myeloid leukaemias (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), while category 3 were mainly patients with indolent lymphomas and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). As the number of patients on the waiting list increased, it was not always possible to transplant patients within the scheduled time limits.
Treatment regimen for haematopoietic cell transplantation with nonmyeloablative conditioning
HLA genotyping, conditioning regimen, and leukapheresis procedures were performed as previously described [9].
Transplantation capacity
From 2000 to 2003, the Allo-HCT Unit at Rigshospitalet had 10-12 beds available for allogeneic and autologous HCTs of both adults and children. In 2003 the capacity was increased to 16 beds. Autologous HCTs and child HCTs were performed elsewhere.
Statistics
Continuous variables were compared using the Wilcoxon two-sample test while categorical variables were compared using Fisher’s exact test.
Survival analysis was performed as previously described using the Kaplan-Meier method, and comparisons were made with the log-rank test [9]. P values ≤ 0.05 were considered significant.
RESULTS
MUD searches
Among the 219 MUD searches performed, a suitable HLA-matched donor was found in 164 (75%) cases, no MUD was available in 34 (15%) cases, and the search was cancelled prematurely in 21 (10%) cases. A total of 114 patients (52%) were referred for NMC-HCT and among these 78 cases (36%) were transplanted at Rigshospitalet. Transplants were performed with MUDs from Germany (n = 64), Denmark (n = 8), England (n = 4), USA (n = 4), Italy (n = 1), and Sweden (n = 1). An increase in the number of MUD searches was observed from 2000 to 2007, reaching a maximum in 2006 and 2007 with 53 and 43 MUD searches, respectively. In 2007, the median time from a MUD search was initiated until a suitable donor was found was 60 days (range 16-127 days).
In 2007, the cost of MUD searches in the donor registries, of tissue typing, donor apheresis, and transportation of the graft from donor centers to Rigshospitalet was 210,000 € or approximately 11,500 € per patient.
Referrals, transplantation and waiting times for transplantation
Among the 244 patients referred for NMC-HCT at Rigshospitalet, 175 (72%) were transplanted, 97 (55%) with an MRD, and 78 (45%) with a MUD. An increase in the number of referrals, particularly with MUD, was observed between 2000 and 2007. A borderline significant increase in referrals of patients with AML (p = 0.053) and CLL (p = 0.049) was found when comparing the second half of the referral period (2004-2007) with the first half of the period (2000-2003) (data not shown). A non-significant decrease was observed in referrals of patients with multiple myeloma (MM) and Hodgkin’s disease.
There was a significant increase in the number of patients waiting for an NMC-HCT in the 2006-2007 period (median 18, range 11-28) compared with 2000-2005 (median 6, range 1-14) (p < 0.001) (Figure 1A ). Although the number of NMC-HCTs performed annually increased from eight to over 30, the amount of referrals increased even more. This resulted in the waiting list peaking in 2006-2007. The number of patients taken off the waiting list without transplantation varied with the number of patients on the waiting list. It reached its maximum in 2007 when as many as 30 patients were transplanted while 18 patients were taken off the waiting list without transplantation.
The increase in patients referred to and waiting for NMC-HCT was reflected in the waiting time from referral to transplantation (Figure 1B). The time required for the necessary pre-transplantation assessment of patients amounts to 1-4 weeks, depending on the urgency of the transplantation. Very few grafts were infused within the minimal possible waiting time. The lowest median waiting time was about three months. It was obtained in 2004. The median waiting time for the whole period 2000-2007 was 110 days (range 9-443 days) with a significant increase from 99 (range 9-443) days in the 2000-2005 period to 148 (range 24-326) days in the 2006-2007 period (p < 0.001).
National regions
The Capital Region referred 5.6 patients and performed 3.7 NMC-HCTs per 100,000 inhabitants from 2000 to 2007. The corresponding figures were 7.7 and 6.3 for The Zealand Region, 2.8 and 1.6 for North Denmark, 2.7 and 2.0 for Central Denmark, and 3.4 and 2.5 for Southern Denmark.
The difference in referrals as well as performed NMC-HCTs between the Capital Region along with the bordering Region Sealand and the rest of regions was significant (p < 0.001). This indicates a clear tendency towards fewer referrals and fewer performed NMC-HCTs the further away from the capital the referring region was located.
Treatment outcome
Among the 244 patients referred for NMC-HCT, four (2%) were not accepted for NMC-HCT by the patient care conference, 175 (72%) patients underwent NMC-HCT at Rigshospitalet, five (2%) patients underwent NMC-HCT in neighboring Sweden, three (1%) patients underwent myeloablative-conditioning HCT, and four (2%) patients were still on the waiting list at the end of follow-up. A total of 53 (22%) patients were accepted for NMC-HCT, but were taken off the waiting list without HCT. Twenty-nine (12%) of these were taken off the waiting list due to relapse or progression of the malignant disease, and 24 (10%) were taken off due to other complications (infections (n = 6), patient wish (n = 5), other cancers (n = 3), poor performance status (n = 3), reduced pulmonary function tests (n = 2), donor withdrawal (n = 1), or others (n = 4)). Twenty-three of the 29 patients taken off the waiting list due to relapse or progression died, while half of the patients taken off the list due to other complications died.
Table 1 shows a comparison of patients transplanted and patients taken off the waiting list without transplantation. There were significantly more CLL patients who did not reach transplantation, which may be a result of postponing patients with CLL in favor of early HCT in patients with AML and MDS. The waiting time was not significantly different in the two groups (110 versus 106 days). Significantly more patients did not obtain complete remission (CR) in the group not reaching transplantation than in the group which did reach transplantation (85% versus 61%, p = 0.001). Patients taken off the waiting list due to relapse or progression had a significantly shorter waiting time than patients who received transplants (110 versus 91 days) (p = 0.007) (Table 2 ). In an intention-to-treat analysis, the overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (six years) of all referred patients were 44% and 33%, calculated from time of referral (Figure 2AB). A significantly lower OS was observed in patients taken off the waiting list than among patients transplanted in all disease categories, except for MM (Figure 2C-F).
DISCUSSION
NMC-HCT with MRD was established in Denmark in 2000. NMC-HCT with MUD was initiated in 2002, but the number of referrals for HCT with MUD exceeded that of HCT with MRD as early as 2003, clearly indicating the need for alternative donor transplants. The number of actually performed NMC-HCTs with MUD exceeded sibling transplants as from 2006. A suitable HLA-matched donor was found in 75% of MUD searches. The median search time was two months. Half of the patients for whom a donor was identified were referred for transplantation, but only 36% actually underwent NMC-HCT at Rigshospitalet. This was mainly due to relapse/progression of the malignant disease or co-morbidity. Our findings are similar to data reported by Copelan [5] where a MUD was identified for more than 50% of patients requiring a HCT. Because donor identification and graft procurement took more than three months, less than half of the identified MUD were used.
The increase in MUD searches and NMC-HCTs performed with MUD at our centre reflects the increased interest in performing allogeneic HCTs with MUD world-wide [7, 8]. The cost of MUD graft procurement in our study was 11,500 € per patient transplanted. This amounts to approximately 5% of the average total cost of an NMC-HCT, which we have estimated to 208,000 € [9]. The cost of MUD graft procurement is increasing [10]. The fact that 78% of all MUD identified were from the German registry primarily reflects the search strategy and the relatively small sizes of the Danish MUD registries.
The majority of all referrals for NMC-HCT came from the Capital and Zealand regions. This may reflect a delay in dissemination of information to haematologists and patients in other parts of the country on the positive effects of this new treatment modality. It may also reflect that the travel distance to the transplant centre constitutes a referral barrier.
The number of NMC-HCTs increased during the observation period, and a tendency towards more NMC-HCTs among patients with AML and CLL was also detected. The European Cooperative Group for Bone Marrow Transplantation (EBMT) data also shows a clear increase in the number of reduced intensity conditioning transplants and a change in disease indications towards more allogeneic HCTs for leukaemias [6, 11]. The cap- acity for NMC-HCT increased at our centre to more than 30 HCTs a year, but referrals increased even more (Figure 1A). This resulted in median waiting times peaking at approx. six months and in patients being taken off the waiting list without HCT due to relapse/progression of the malignant disease or other complications (Figure 1B). The intention to treat analysis showed overall and progression-free survival at six years of only 44% and 33%, respectively (Figure 2). The emerging picture revealed significantly inferior survival in patients – with all diagnoses except MM – who were taken off the waiting list without transplantation compared with patients receiving NMC-HCT. Not surprisingly, the proportion of patients not in CR pretransplant was higher in the group taken off the waiting list. They did, however, wait a median of three months before relapse/progression. In a recent study, Baron et al [2] reported that out of 221 patients with haematological malignancies who were not in remission at the time of NMC-HCT, 44% achieved a CR a median of 176 days after HCT. This finding indicates that a powerful GVT effect may be present after three months which supports the notion that some of our patients may have had a chance of cure if they had been transplanted without delay.
The waiting time from a suitable donor is identified to infusion of the graft should ideally not exceed 4-6 weeks for patients with haematological malignancy. The present nationwide survey has shown that in our publicly funded health care system, with competition for limited resources, adaptation to a rapidly increasing demand for a new expensive treatment modality is slow and insufficient. In 2008 and 2009, we have tried to solve the capacity problem by having some patients transplanted in Germany and by opening a new transplant centre in Aarhus. Transplantation capacity has also been further increased at Rigshospitalet.
Correspondence: Tania Nicole Masmas, Hæmatologisk Klinik, Rigshospitalet, 2100 København Ø, Denmark. E-mail: masmas@dadlnet.dk
Accepted: 2 March 2010
Conflicts of interest: The work was supported by the The Novo-Nordisk Foundation, The Lundbeck Foundation, and The Danish Cancer Society. The authors declare no competing financial interests.
Acknowledgements: The authors wish to thank Betina Sørensen and Helen Hartoft, Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, for information about MUD donors from the Bone Marrow Donor Registry at Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
Referencer
REFERENCES
Baron F, Storb R. Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation following nonmyeloablative conditioning as treatment for hematologic malignancies and inherited blood disorders. Mol Ther 2006;13:26-41.
Baron F, Maris MB, Sandmaier BM et al. Graft-versus-tumor effects after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation with nonmyeloablative conditioning. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:1993-2003.
Rezvani AR, Storb RF. Separation of graft-vs.-tumor effects from graft-vs.-host disease in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation.J Autoimmun 2008;30:172-9.
McSweeney PA, Niederwieser D, Shizuru JA et al. Hematopoietic cell transplantation in older patients with hematologic malignancies: replacing high-dose cytotoxic therapy with graft-versus- tumor effects. Blood 2001;97:3390-3400.
Copelan EA. Hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. N Engl J Med 354:1813-26.
Gratwohl A, Baldomero H, Passweg J et al. Increasing use of reduced intensity conditioning transplants: report of the 2001 EBMT activity survey. Bone Marrow Transplant 2002;30:813-31.
Confer D, Robinett P. The US National Marrow Donor Program role in unrelated donor hematopoietic cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2008;42:S3-S5.
Gratwohl A, Baldomero H, Frauendorfer K et al. Results of the EBMT activity survey 2005 on haematopoietic stem cell transplantation: focus on increasing use of unrelated donors. Bone Marrow Transplant 2007;39:71-87.
Kornblit B, Masmas T, Madsen HO et al. Haematopoietic cell transplantation with non-myeloablative conditioning in Denmark: disease-specific outcome, complications and hospitalization requirements of the first 100 transplants. Bone Marrow Transplant 2008;41:851-9.
Gratwohl A, Baldomero H, Frauendorfer K et al. Results of the EBMT activity survey 2005 on haematopoietic stem cell transplantation: focus on increasing use of unrelated donors. Bone Marrow Transplant 2007;39:71-87.
Gratwohl A, Baldomero H, Frauendorfer K et al. EBMT activity survey 2004 and changes in disease indication over the past 15 years. Bone Marrow Transplant 2006;37:1069-85.